How to cite

Citing a dataset

Every dataset page has a citation in BibTeX, APA and MLA, with ECHO's entry first and the dataset's own entry after it. The same citations are available directly:

https://echo.directory/cite/<dataset>.bib     BibTeX
https://echo.directory/cite/<dataset>.ris     RIS
https://echo.directory/cite/<dataset>.json    CSL-JSON

Each mirrored download also contains a CITATION.bib alongside the data.

Linking to a dataset

Every dataset has a permanent address of its own:

https://<dataset>.echo.directory

It is stable: a dataset's address is assigned once and never reassigned, even if the underlying catalog is reorganised.

ECHO

@misc{echo2026,
  title  = {ECHO: Exploratory Compendium of Humanity Online},
  author = {Switzer, Braden and Zafarani, Reza},
  year   = {2026},
  url    = {https://echo.directory},
  note   = {Syracuse University}
}